Locally advanced renal tumors with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombi pose a significant challenge in urological treatment. Surgical interventions face high risks, and systemic treatments have shown limited efficacy. The absence of robust in vivo models has hindered the understanding of pathogenesis and identification of therapeutic targets. Recent efforts have focused on minimally invasive surgeries and comprehensive treatments to improve outcomes. However, the lack of suitable in vivo models has impeded successful translational preclinical studies.
Efforts have been made to establish models that simulate renal tumor extension into the IVC. Mouse models have been developed to mimic the tumor microenvironment and progression of renal tumors with IVC thrombi. These models provide valuable insights into the immune system’s role in inhibiting tumor thrombus progression and offer a platform for studying potential therapeutic interventions.
The models in immunocompetent mice closely resemble human pathological features and immune microenvironments. The presence of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils within the tumor thrombus mirrors human conditions. Interestingly, fewer lymphocytes were observed in the mouse models. Comparisons between immunocompetent and immunodeficient models revealed that the immune system can inhibit tumor thrombus growth, with immunodeficient mice showing faster progression.
Furthermore, a human renal cell carcinoma cell line was successfully used to create a tumor thrombus model in mice. This model lays the foundation for future studies involving patient-derived xenografts and drug screening. The in vivo models created in this study offer a promising platform for investigating the pathogenesis of renal tumors with IVC thrombi and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
In conclusion, the newly established in vivo models provide a valuable tool for studying renal tumor extension into the inferior vena cava. These models offer insights into the pathogenesis of this condition, potential therapeutic targets, and screening for effective drugs, thereby facilitating translational studies in the field of urology.
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